Author: ejolife

The main group of enzymes responsible for the collagen and other protein degradation in extracellular matrix (ECM) are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [1]. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, which are responsible for the tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, elastins, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins, and proteoglycan [2]. MMP family can be divided into six groups: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other non-classified MMPs [3]. The MMPs are involved in many biologic processes, such as, tissue repair and remodulation, cellular differentiation, embryogenesis, morphogenesis , cell mobility, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration, wound healing, apoptosis. The deregulation of MMPs activity leads to development of numerous diseases [1, 4].

 

Available Antibodies for Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

 

Target	Cat.No.	Product Name	Applications	Reactivity
MT1-MMP	AB-A3713	MT1-MMP Rabbit mAb	WB	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP1	AB-A1191	MMP1 Rabbit pAb	WB	Human
MMP2	AB-A19080	MMP2 Rabbit mAb	WB	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP2	AB-A6247	MMP2 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP3	AB-A11418	MMP3 Rabbit mAb	WB, IHC	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP3	AB-A1202	MMP3 Rabbit pAb	WB, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP7	AB-A0695	MMP7 Rabbit pAb	WB	Human,Rat
MMP8	AB-A1963	MMP8 Rabbit pAb	WB, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP9	AB-A2095	[KO Validated] MMP9 Rabbit pAb	WB, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP9	AB-A0289	MMP9 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP10	AB-A3033	MMP10 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP11	AB-A11088	MMP11 Rabbit mAb	WB	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP12	AB-A11017	MMP12 Rabbit mAb	WB, IHC	Human,Mouse
MMP12	AB-A1709	MMP12 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP13	AB-A11148	MMP13 Rabbit mAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human
MMP13	AB-A1606	MMP13 Rabbit pAb	WB	Human,Mouse
MMP16	AB-A10409	MMP16 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP17	AB-A3030	MMP17 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC	Human,Mouse,Rat
MMP25	AB-A15886	MMP25 Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human,Mouse,Rat

 

References

1. J Cell Physiol. 2016 Dec;231(12):2599-621.

2. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Mar 15;15(6):2223-68.

3. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2016;31(sup1):177-183.

4. Cells. 2020 May; 9(5): 1076.

 

Among the multiple immune cells, macrophages plays an important role throughout the tumor progression process. They are converted into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) when they are recruited into the tumor microenvironment. Induced by different microenvironmental signals, macrophages would polarize into two functional phenotypes, classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2 macrophages are often further subdivided into M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d based on phenotypic variations.

As a promising targets for tumor therapy, more and more researches are focusing on TAMs.

The functional biomarkers of TAMs are often used to evaluate or define the subpopulations of TAMs. According to a large number of experimental studies, TAMs biomarkers can be approximately classified into the following types: Cell surface markers, Transcription factors, Cytokines & Chemokines, Growth factors, Metabolic enzymes, Extracellular matrix (ECM) components.

Types of biomarkers	Potential biomarkers
Cell surface markers	CD206, CD163, TGFβ receptor, CD40, CD80, CD86
Transcription factors	STAT1, STAT3, STAT6, IRF3 ,IRF4, IRF5, IRF7
Cytokines & Chemokines	TNFα, IL1β, IL12, IL10, ALOX15, CCL18, CCL2, CCL5, CCL7,CXCL8, CXCL12, M-CSF
Growth factors	EGF, VEGF, PDGF, FGF, TGFβ
Metabolic enzymes	iNOS, Arginase 1
ECM components	MMP‐9

 

Representative Antibodies for Biomarkers of Tumor-associated macrophages

 

Biomarker	Cat.No.	Product Name	Applications	Cross-reactivity
iNOS	AB-A0312	iNOS Rabbit pAb	WB, IHC	Human, Mouse, Rat
Arginase 1	AB-A4923	Arginase 1 (ARG1) Rabbit mAb	WB, IHC, IF	Human, Mouse, Rat
STAT1	AB-AP0054	Phospho-STAT1-Y701 Rabbit mAb	WB	Human, Mouse, Rat
STAT3	AB-AP0705	Phospho-STAT3-Y705 Rabbit mAb	WB, IP	Human, Mouse

 

Representative ELISA Kits for Biomarkers of Cancer-associated macrophages

 

Biomarker	Cat.No.	Product Name	Sensitivity	Assay Range
IL-1β	AB-RK00001	Human IL-1 beta ELISA Kit	3.21 pg/mL	6.25-400 pg/ml
IL12	AB-RK00014	Human IL-12 p70 ELISA Kit	8.56 pg/mL	31.2-2000pg/ml
TNFα	AB-RK00030	Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ELISA Kit	6.12 pg/mL	15.6-1000 pg/ml
IL-10	AB-RK00012	Human IL-10 ELISA Kit	6.15 pg/mL	31.2-2000pg/ml
CCL2	AB-RK00052	Human Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 ELISA Kit	9.12pg/mL	31.2-2000pg/ml
CCL5	AB-RK00077	Human CCL5/Rantes ELISA Kit	11.24 pg/mL	31.2-2000pg/ml

 

 

Extracellular Vesicles and particles (EVPs), including exosomes, are membrane-bound cargos (size range 30–150 nm) comprised of a lipid bilayer that contain various biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, and play crucial roles in different cellular or pathological processes. With increasing recognition of the central role of exosomes in intercellular (cell-to-cell) communication and transportation, current exosome research covers almost all research areas in biomedical science (immunology, neuroscience, oncology, endocrinology, and cardiovascular research) and have the great potential in both diagnosis (some of contained proteins or nucleic acids in exosomes can serve as biomarkers of diseases) and therapy (engineered exosomes can serve as new drug delivery system with high efficiency and low risks). Based on one latest study published on Cell (Hoshino et al., 2020, Cell 182, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.009) , tens of new pan-EVP markers and tumor-derived EVP markers in human tissues and plasma EVP proteins have been identified and can be useful for cancer detection and cancer type determination. This study greatly move the clinical application of exosomes forward in cancer diagnosis.

 

Based on this study, we collected representative EVP proteins or genes that are proposed to be pan-exosome markers or potential cancer biomarkers as below and provided featured antibodies for exosome research.

 

Traditional pan-exosome markers	HSPA8/Hsc70, HSP90AA1/Hsp90α, HSP90AB1/Hsp90β, HSPA4/Hsp70, CD9, TSG101, ALIX, CD63, CD81, FLOT1, FLOT2
Additional pan-exosome markers	ACTB, RAP1B, Moesin, fibronectin 1, A2M, Gelsolin, B2M, PRDX2, Filamin A
Pan-tumor exosome markers	THBS2, VCAN, DNAJA1, CRMP2, PGK1, EHD2, CAVIN1, FGGY, CD36
PaCa plasma EVP markers	CA2, CD55, KRAS, PEBP1, SRI, TGM2, PSMA4, XPNPEP2, ABCB11, ALPL, ABCB1
LuCa plasma EVP markers	CFB, CD53, PRSS1, RDX, Radixin, CHMP4B, PSMB1, ACTA2, Histone H2A.Z
Neuroblastoma plasma EVP markers	FTH1, KRT17, H3F3A, CD14, EPB42, KRT8
Osteosarcoma plasma EVP markers	ACTA1, CD10/MME